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It is sexually dimorphic adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It has a muscular, broad-chested body, short, rounded head, round ears, and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. the usefulness of survey data can be enhanced if the information is combined with other methods, i.The lion is a large cat of the genus Panthera native to Africa and India.
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surveys allow time for respondents to reflect on events and report subsequent changes and feelings. data can be requested from records and other sources. evaluators could also ask fairly complex questions about respondents attitude and behaviors. they are moderate in cost and relatively easy to reach large numbers. some qualitative methods such as focus group interviews, in-depth case studies, and ethnography cannot do the job which surveys can do. it can provide the distribution of some characteristics in a population and can usually accomplish that through surveying only a portion of the people (or units) in that population. surveys are used to measure people's opinion, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, reactions, and attributes in response to specific questions. Surveys have become very popular methods of collecting evaluative data. the evaluator should, however, recognize the limitations of this approach that it does not use random selection of subjects and thus, is subject to information bias and representativeness. these people could provide fairly representative information on how a program or project is serving its intended beneficiaries.
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key informants in a community may include school superintendents, extension educators, local leaders, church officials, local business leaders, and members of service clubs such as lions, kiwanis, or optimist international. It is based on obtaining information, over time, from a community resident who is in a position to know a community well. the findings cannot necessarily be generalized to a larger community as it focuses on a limited number of cases. people sometime question on the evaluator's bias. The major disadvantage of case study is the subjectivity of information. it allows depth of insight into relationships and personal feelings the information can be effectively used in combination with other methods such as survey and observation and it can be tailored to a specific situation. finally, a case study can be exploratory- if a program has no clear set of outcomes, it can help identify performance measures or pose hypotheses for further evaluative work.Ĭase study has several advantages. for descriptive purposes, a case study can be used to describe the real-life context where a program takes place. with an explanatory purpose, a case study is designed to test and explain causal links in real-life programs whose complexity cannot be captured by a survey. yin (1984) describes case studies as either explanatory, descriptive, or exploratory. the evaluator captures the total scene of the situation. It can provide in depth information on a single unit, group or organization- through personal discussion, mutual interaction, observation, or review of existing documents. if the evaluator chooses to be involved in the activity, he or she may lose objectivity. if the group is aware of being observed, behavior may be affected- which is known as "hawthorne effect." different observers may not record events consistently. the evaluator has less control over the situation in a natural environment. This method has some limitations when one needs to gather information about people. the more structured the schedule, the easier to summarize and analyze data. it provides an opportunity to collect information directly about what is actually occurring within the natural settings. this method is useful to gather information about particular physical behaviors. crawford - back to table of contentsĪn observation schedule is typically a checklist or rating scale where the occurrences of particular, pre-identified events or features can be noted. Introduction to program evaluation -whole document- dr.